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InfoMagic Standards 1994 January
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InfoMagic Standards - January 1994.iso
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ccitt
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1988
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.\" Troff code generated by TPS Convert from ITU Original Files
.\" Not Copyright ( c) 1991
.\"
.\" Assumes tbl, eqn, MS macros, and lots of luck.
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.EN
.nr LL 40.5P
.nr ll 40.5P
.nr HM 3P
.nr FM 6P
.nr PO 4P
.nr PD 9p
.po 4P
.rs
\v | 5i'
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\v'12P'
\s12PART\ I
\v'4P'
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBRecommendations\ E.401\ to\ E.428\fR \v'2P'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERNATIONAL\ TELEPHONE\ NETWORK\ MANAGEMENT\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBAND\ CHECKING\ OF\ SERVICE\ QUALITY\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.rs
.sp 28P
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 10P
.LP
.EF '% \ \ \ ^''
.OF ''' \ \ \ ^ %'
.LP
\fBMONTAGE:\ \fR PAGE 2 = PAGE BLANCHE
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\v'3P'
SECTION\ 1
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERNATIONAL\ SERVICE\ STATISTICS\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ E.401\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBSTATISTICS\ FOR\ THE\ INTERNATIONAL\ TELEPHONE\ SERVICE\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.401''
.OF '''Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.401 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fB(NUMBER\ OF\ CIRCUITS\ IN\ OPERATION\ AND\ VOLUME\ OF\ TRAFFIC)\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
(Statistics exchanged by Administrations)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
Administrations exchange each year, \fIin February\fR , statistics
showing the number of circuits used and the volume of traffic monitored
in the preceding year, as well as estimates of the number of circuits which
will be
required three years and five years later. These statistics shall be drawn
up in the form indicated below.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
A copy of the statistics shall be sent to the CCITT Secretariat for information.
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ A
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation E.401)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBHow to fill in the table on international\fR
\fBtelephone traffic\fR
\fBstatistics\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ce 0
.LP
Column\ 1
Designation of the connection by giving the name of the
outgoing exchange first and then the name of the incoming exchange. Two\(hyway
connections will be shown in alphabetical order.
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
Columns\ 2\ and\ 3
Number of circuits in operation as on \fI31 December\fR
| f the year of the statistics.
.LP
The number will be shown in column\ 2 when it refers to outgoing circuits and
in column\ 3 when it refers to both\(hyway circuits.
.LP
Columns\ 4\ and\ 5
Number of circuits which would have been required
during the year of the statistics.
.LP
Column\ 6
Method of operation.
.LP
The following abbreviations will be used:
.LP
A
for automatic,
.LP
SA
for semiautomatic,
.LP
M
for manual,
.LP
A\ +\ SA
for automatic and semiautomatic.
.LP
Column\ 7
Destination of traffic.
.LP
Each relation will be shown in this column on a separate line.
.LP
In the example given, the traffic routed over the
Z\*:urich\(hyK\o"\(*s/"benhavn circuits is destined for Denmark
(terminal), Sweden, Norway and Finland (transit). In
this case, the data for each destination will be shown
in columns,\ 8, 9, 10 and\ 11. The total traffic figure,
however, should not be omitted. These data will be
bracketed together. If the connection handles traffic
only to the country in which the incoming exchange is
situated, only the word \*Qterminal\*U will appear in
column\ 7.
.bp
.LP
Columns\ 8\ and\ 9
Busy\(hyhour traffic, expressed in
\fIerlangs\fR . (See Recommendation\ E.600.)
.LP
The traffic measured during the busiest month of the year of the
statistics is given in column\ 9. For two\(hyway circuit
groups the total amount of incoming and outgoing
traffic should be given. In column\ 8 the month of the
year during which the traffic was measured should be
indicated in roman numerals.
.LP
Column\ 10
Busy hour (UTC).
.LP
This refers to the busy hour as defined in
Recommendation E.600.
.LP
Column\ 11
Annual increase, in\ %. Each Administration should insert
in this column the annual traffic increase rate with
respect to the previous year.
.LP
Columns\ 12\ and\ 13
Columns 12 and 13 should show the estimated number
of circuits required to route traffic in three and five
years' time, respectively. For example, if the statistics
relating to\ 1982 are drawn up in February\ 1983,
column\ 12 will give the estimated number of circuits
required in\ 1986 and column\ 13 those required in\ 1988.
.LP
.rs
.sp 38P
.ad r
\fBTABLEAU, p. 366 (R\*'ecup.) T1.401\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\v'3P'
SECTION\ 2
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERNATIONAL\ NETWORK\ MANAGEMENT\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ E.410\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERNATIONAL\ NETWORK\ MANAGEMENT\ \(em\ GENERAL\ INFORMATION\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.410''
.OF '''Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.410 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBIntroduction\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The demand for international telephone service continues to
increase substantially. This increasing demand has been met by advances
in both technology and operational techniques. The growth of traffic has
also required the development of larger transmission systems and exchanges
to provide the
capacity to meet the required grade of service. With the continued growth of
the international automatic service, direct supervision and control over
traffic has decreased since operators are no longer involved in establishing
most calls.
.PP
In addition to the above, the introduction of larger digital
transmission and switching systems, along with common channel signalling,
has resulted in an international telephone network which is highly interconnected
and interactive, and which has become increasingly vulnerable to overload
and congestion. This overload and congestion can occur with little or no
advance
warning.
.PP
A number of events may arise which can have a serious effect on the
international telephone service. Among these events are:
.RT
.LP
\(em
failures of international or national transmission systems;
.LP
\(em
failures of international or national exchanges;
.LP
\(em
planned outages of transmission systems and exchanges;
.LP
\(em
abnormal increases in traffic demand. The events which give
rise to such traffic demand may be foreseen (e.g.,\ national or
religious holidays, international sporting events) or unforeseen
(e.g.,\ natural disasters, political crises);
.LP
\(em
focussed overloads, and in particular, mass\(hycalling;
.LP
\(em
difficulties in meeting the requirements of international
traffic resulting (for example) from delays in the provision of
additional circuits or equipment;
.LP
\(em
congestion in connected networks.
.PP
These events can lead to congestion which, if uncontrolled, may
spread and thus seriously degrade the service in other parts of the
international network. Considerable benefits can be derived for the
international network as a whole if prompt action is taken to control the
effect on service of such events.
.PP
In addition, as the telephone network migrates toward ISDN,
interworking with other networks will develop. With interworking, failure or
congestion in one network, or in the interface between networks, can have an
adverse impact on the performance of the connected network(s).
.PP
The above considerations have led to the development of \*Qinternational
network management\*U, which encompasses all the activities necessary to
reduce the effect on service of any situation affecting unfavourably the
international telephone network, and in the future, the ISDN.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Much of the guidance on international network management
may be applicable in national networks.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBDefinition of international network management\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
\fBinternational network management\fR is the function of
supervising the international network and taking action when necessary to
control the flow of traffic.
.PP
Network management requires real\(hytime monitoring and measurement of
current network status and performance, and the ability to take prompt
action to control the flow of traffic.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBObjective of network management\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The objective of network management is to enable as many calls as possible
to be successfully completed. This objective is met by maximizing the use
of all available equipment and facilities in any situation through the
application of the principles given below.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBPrinciples of international network management\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
4.1
\fIUtilize all available circuits\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
There are periods when, due to changing traffic patterns, the
demand for service cannot be met by the available circuits in the normal
.PP
routing. At the same time, many circuits to other locations may be idle
due to differences in calling patterns caused by time zones, local calling
habits, or busy season variations. After negotiation and agreement amongst
the
Administrations affected, some or all of the unusually heavy traffic can be
redirected to this idle capacity for completion.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
4.2
\fIKeep all available circuits filled with traffic\fR \fIwhich has a
high probability of resulting in effective calls\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The telephone network is generally circuit\(hylimited; therefore the number
of simultaneous effective calls is strongly influenced by the
number of available circuits. However, ineffective calls can occupy circuit
capacity which would otherwise be available for effective calls. Therefore
identifying those call attempts which are likely to be ineffective because
of a situation in the network (e.g.,\ a failure), and reducing them as
close to
their source as possible, will allow circuit capacity to be available for
call attempts which have a higher probability of being effective.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
4.3
\fIWhen all available circuits are in use, give priority to calls\fR
\fIrequiring a minimum number of circuits to form a connection\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
When telephone networks are designed using automatic alternate
routing of calls, efficient operation occurs when traffic loads are at
or below engineered values. However, as traffic loads increase above the
engineered
value, the ability of the network to carry effective calls decreases since
an increased number of calls require two or more circuits to form a connection.
Such calls increase the possibility of one multi\(hylink call blocking several
potential calls.
.PP
Thus automatic alternate routing should be restricted to give
preference to direct routed traffic during periods of abnormally high
demand.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
4.4
\fIInhibit\fR
\fIswitching congestion\fR \fIand prevent its spread\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
A large increase in switching attempts can result in switching
congestion when the switching capacity of an exchange is exceeded. If the
switching congestion is left uncontrolled, it can spread to connected exchanges
or networks and cause a further degradation of network performance. Controls
should be applied which inhibit switching congestion by removing attempts
from the congested exchange which have a low chance of resulting in a succesful
call.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Network management assumes that the network is adequately
engineered to meet the normal levels of traffic, the requirement for which
is described in Recommendations\ E.171, E.510, E.520, E.522, E.540 and\
E.541.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBBenefits derived from international network management\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Among the benefits to be derived from international network
management are:
.RT
.PP
5.1
Increased revenue which is derived from an increase in
successful calls.
.PP
5.2
Improved service to the customer. This can lead, in
turn, to:
.LP
\(em
improved customer relations;
.LP
\(em
stimulation of customer calling rate;
.LP
\(em
increased customer acceptance of new services.
.PP
5.3
More efficient use of the network. This can result in:
.LP
\(em
an increased return on the capital invested in the
network;
.LP
\(em
an improvement in the ratio of effective to ineffective
calls.
.PP
5.4
Greater awareness of the actual status and performance of the
network. Such awareness can lead to:
.LP
\(em
a basis by which network management and maintenance
priorities can be established;
.LP
\(em
improved network planning information;
.LP
\(em
improved information on which future capital investment in
the network can be decided;
.LP
\(em
improved public relations.
.PP
5.5
Protection of revenue and important services, particularly
during severe network situations.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB6\fR \fBNetwork management functions\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Network management encompasses all of the activities necessary to identify
conditions which may adversely affect network performance and service to
the customer, and the application of network controls to minimize their
impact. This includes the following functions:
.RT
.LP
a)
monitoring the status and performance of the
network on a real\(hytime basis, which includes collecting and analyzing
relevant data;
.LP
b)
detecting abnormal network conditions;
.LP
c)
investigating and identifying the reasons for abnormal
network conditions;
.LP
d)
initiating corrective action and/or control;
.LP
e)
cooperating and coordinating actions with other network
management centres, both domestic and international, on matters
concerned with international network management and service
restoration;
.LP
f
)
cooperating and coordinating with other work
areas (e.g., maintenance, operator services or planning) on
matters which affect service;
.LP
g)
issuing reports of abnormal network situations, actions
taken and results obtained to higher authority and other
involved departments and Administrations, as required;
.LP
h)
providing advance planning for known or predictable network
situations.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB7\fR \fBCooperation and coordination\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Effective network management depends on the prompt availability of information
indicating when and where a problem is occurring, and a trained
group working in cooperation with all parts of the telecommunications
organization. Just as there is a need for coordination in planning and
building the network, there also is a need for coordination in managing
it. The network is such that equipment malfunctions or overloads frequently
produce
unacceptable performance at a distance from the physical location of the
problem. Therefore, those who monitor and manage the network, both nationally
and internationally, must cooperate to ensure satisfactory service.
.PP
Network management is highly technical in nature, and depends on the skill
and creativity of those who share an understanding of network management
philosophy, objectives, terminology, tools and techniques. These items
are
specified in Recommendations\ E.410 through\ E.414, and provide a basis
for the cooperation and coordination which are a vital part of network
management.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB8\fR \fBFurther Recommendations on network management\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
8.1
Recommendation E.411 provides operational guidance for
network management including:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\(em
status and performance parameters;
.LP
\(em
expansive and protective traffic controls;
.LP
\(em
criteria for application of controls.
.PP
8.2
Recommendation E.412 provides information on network management
controls:
.LP
\(em
traffic to be controlled;
.LP
\(em
exchange controls;
.LP
\(em
automatic controls;
.LP
\(em
status of controls;
.LP
\(em
operator controls.
.PP
8.3
Recommendation E.413 provides guidance on planning for
events such as:
.LP
\(em
peak calling days;
.LP
\(em
failures of transmission systems;
.LP
\(em
failures of exchanges;
.LP
\(em
failures of common channel signalling systems;
.LP
\(em
mass\(hycalling situations;
.LP
\(em
disasters;
.LP
\(em
introduction of new services.
.PP
8.4
Recommendation E.414 provides guidance on the functional
elements of a network management organization which need to be
identified internationally as contact points. These comprise:
.LP
\(em
planning and liaison;
.LP
\(em
implementation and control;
.LP
\(em
development.
.PP
8.5
It is emphasized that it is not necessary to meet the full
scope of these Recommendations to achieve some benefit from the application
of network management, particularly when getting started. However, the
Recommendations do provide detailed information over a wide range of
techniques, some of which can be implemented readily, whilst others may
require considerable planning and design effort. Additional information
may also be
found in the handbook on Quality of service, network management and
maintenance\ [1].
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReference\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCITT Manual \fIQuality of service, network management and maintenance\fR
, ITU, Geneva, 1984.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ E.411\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERNATIONAL\ NETWORK\ MANAGEMENT\ \(em\ OPERATIONAL\ GUIDANCE\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.411''
.OF '''Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.411 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBIntroduction\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Network management requires real\(hytime monitoring of current network
status and performance and the ability to take prompt action to control
the
flow of traffic when necessary (see Recommendation\ E.410). Operational
guidance to meet these requirements, including a description of status
and performance parameters, traffic controls and the criteria for their
application are
included in this Recommendation. It should be noted that the complete range
of parameters and traffic controls are not necessary for the introduction
of a
limited network management capability, however a comprehensive selection
will bring substantial benefit (see Recommendation\ E.410, \(sc\ 5). In
addition, some
guidance on beginning network management is provided, along with information
on developing a network management centre and the use of common channel
signalling for network management purposes.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBInformation requirements\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
2.1
Network management requires information of where and why
difficulties are occurring or are likely to occur in the network. This
information is essential to identify the source and effect of a difficulty
at the earliest possible time, and will form the basis for any network
management action which is taken.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
2.2
The information relating to current difficulties can be obtained from:
.LP
a)
real\(hytime surveillance of the status and performance of the network;
.LP
b)
information from telephone operators as to where they are
experiencing difficulties; or where they are receiving customer
complaints of difficulties;
.LP
c)
transmission system failure and planned outage reports
(these reports need not relate only to the network local to one
Administration, but should reflect the whole international
network);
.LP
d)
international or national exchange failures and planned
outage reports;
.LP
e)
news media reports detailing unforeseen events which
stimulate traffic (for example, natural disasters).
.PP
2.3
The information relating to difficulties which are likely to
occur in the future will be obtained from:
.LP
a)
reports of future planned outages of transmission systems;
.LP
b)
reports of future planned outages of international or
national exchanges;
.LP
c)
knowledge of special events (for example, international
sporting events, political elections);
.LP
d)
knowledge of national holidays and festivals (e.g.,
Christmas Day, New Year's Day);
.LP
e)
an analysis of past network performance.
.PP
2.4
The system availability information point, defined in
Recommendation\ M.721, will provide a ready source for much of the information
indicated above.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBNetwork status and performance data\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
3.1
In order to identify where and when difficulties are occurring in the network,
or are likely to occur, data will be required which will
indicate the status and measure the performance of the network. Such data
will require real\(hytime collection and processing, and may require the
use of
thresholds (see \(sc\ 5.1).
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
3.2
Data may be collected in various ways which include counters in
electromechanical exchanges which can be read manually when required
(e.g.,\ during periods of heavy traffic or special events), data output
reports from SPC exchanges, or computerized network management operations
systems which can collect and process data from a large number of exchanges.
.PP
3.3
Network status information includes information on the status of exchanges,
circuit groups and common channel signalling systems. This status
information can be provided by one or more types of displays. These may
include printers, video displays, and/or indicators on a display board
or network
management console. To be useful, network status indicators should be available
as rapidly as possible.
.PP
3.3.1
Exchange status information includes the following:
.LP
Load measurements
\(em These are provided by attempt counts, usage or occupancy data, data
on the percent of real\(hytime capacity available
(or in use), blocking rates, percentage of equipment in use, counts
of second trials,\ etc.
.LP
Congestion measurements
\(em These are provided by
measurements
of the delay in serving incoming calls, holding times of equipment,
average call processing and set\(hyup time, queue lengths for common
control equipment (or software queues), and counts of equipment
time\(hyouts,\ etc.
.bp
.LP
Service availability of exchange equipment
\(em This
information
will show when major items of equipment are made busy to traffic. This
could highlight a cause of difficulty or give advance warning that
difficulties could arise if demand increases.
.LP
Congestion indicators
\(em In addition to the above,
indicators
can be provided by SPC exchanges which show the degree of congestion.
These indicators can show:
.LP
\(em
moderate congestion
Level 1;
.LP
\(em
serious congestion
Level 2;
.LP
\(em
unable to process calls
Level 3.
.LP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ While this is desirable, SPC exchanges may not be able to
provide a level\ 3 indicator during catastrophic failures.
.PP
The availability of specific exchange status information will
depend on the switching technology employed by each Administration. Details
of exchange measurements are found in Recommendations\ E.502 and\ Q.544.
.PP
3.3.2
Circuit group status information
relates to the
following:
.LP
\(em
status of all circuit groups available to a destination;
.LP
\(em
status of individual circuit sub\(hygroups in a circuit group;
.LP
\(em
status of circuits on each circuit group.
.LP
Status indicators can be provided to show when the available
network is fully utilized by indicating:
.LP
\(em
when all circuits in a circuit group are busy;
.LP
\(em
when all circuits in a circuit sub\(hygroup are busy;
.LP
\(em
when all circuit groups available to a destination are
busy.
.PP
This would indicate that congestion is present or imminent. Status information
can be provided to show the availability of the network for
service, by reporting the number or percentage of circuits on each circuit
group that are made busy or are available for traffic.
.PP
This information could identify the cause of difficulty or give
advance warning that difficulties may arise as the demand increases.
.RT
.PP
3.3.3
Common channel signalling system status provides information
that will indicate failure or signalling congestion within the system. It
includes such items as:
.LP
\(em
receipt of a transfer prohibited signal (Signalling Systems Nos.\ 6 and\ 7),
.LP
\(em
initiation of an emergency restart procedure (Signalling
System No.\ 6),
.LP
\(em
presence of a signalling terminal buffer overflow condition (Signalling
System No.\ 6),
.LP
\(em
signal link unavailability (Signalling System No. 7),
.LP
\(em
signal route unavailability (Signalling System No. 7),
.LP
\(em
destination inaccessible (Signalling
System No. 7).
.PP
This information may identify the cause of difficulty or give
advance warning that difficulties may arise as the demand increases.
.PP
3.3.3.1
Network management actions may help to reduce congestion in
common channel signalling systems by reducing traffic being offered to
common channel signalling circuit groups, or by diverting traffic to conventional
signalling circuit groups.
.PP
3.4
Network performance data should relate to the following:
.LP
\(em
traffic performance on each circuit group;
.LP
\(em
traffic performance to each destination;
.LP
\(em
effectiveness of network management actions.
.PP
It may also be desirable to assemble performance data in terms of circuit
group and destination combinations and/or traffic class (for example, operator\(hydialled,
subscriber\(hydialled, transit). (See Recommendation\ E.412,
\(sc\ 2.1.)
.PP
3.5
Data collection should be based on a system of measurement
which is either continuous or of a sufficiently rapid sampling rate to
give the required information. For example, for common control switching
equipment, the sampling rate may need to be as frequent as every second.
.bp
.PP
Reports on network status and performance should be provided
periodically, for example, on a 3\ minute, 5\ minute, 15\ minute, 30\ minute or
hourly basis, with the more frequent reports usually being more useful.
However, the more frequent reports may produce erratic data due to the
peakedness of traffic, especially on small circuit groups. Data reports
compiled by a network management operations system take on added value
in that a more global view of network performance is provided.
.PP
3.6
The network performance data is generally expressed in
parameters which help to identify difficulties in the network.
Among these parameters are:
.sp 1P
.LP
3.6.1
\fBpercentage overflow (% OFL)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
% OFL indicates the relationship between the total bids offered to a circuit
group or destination, in a specified period of time, and the quantity of
bids not finding a free circuit. It will, therefore, give an indication
of the overflow from one circuit group to another, or the bids which fail
because all circuit groups to a destination are busy.
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
% OFL =
@ { verflows~bids (to~another~circuit~group~or~to~circuit~busy~signal) } over { otal~bids~for~the~circuit~group (or~all~circuit~groups~to~a~destination) } @ \(mu 100
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.sp 1
.LP
International networks contain one\(hyway and both\(hyway operated
circuits, and their traffic flow characteristics are inherently different.
This difference needs to be taken into account when calculating BCH and
SCH either by:
.LP
i)
multiplying the number of one\(hyway circuits by 2 to derive an
equivalent number of both\(hyway circuits or;
.LP
ii)
dividing the number of both\(hyway circuits by 2 to derive an
equivalent number of one\(hyway circuits.
.LP
When analyzing BCH and SCH data, and when BCH and SCH data are
exchanged between Administrations, it is essential that the method used is
understood so that erroneous conclusions may be avoid
ed.
.FE
.sp 1P
.LP
3.6.2
\fBbids per circuit per hour (BCH)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
BCH is an indication of the average number of bids per circuit, in a specified
time interval. It will therefore identify the demand and, when
measured at each end of a both\(hyway operated circuit group, will identify the
direction of greater demand.
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
BCH =
@ { ids~per~hour } over { uantity~of~circuits~available~for~service } @
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
.sp 1
It is not necessary to accumulate data for an hour to calculate
BCH. However, the calculated BCH must be adjusted when data accumulation is
less than hourly. For example, the bids should be doubled if 1/2\ hour
data is used. The result would be BCH for the data collection period.
.sp 1P
.LP
3.6.3
\fBanswer seizure ratio (ASR)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
ASR gives the relationship between the number of seizures that
result in an answer signal and the total number of seizures. This is a
direct measure of the effectiveness of the service being offered onward
from the point of measurement and is usually expressed as a percentage
as follows:
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
ASR =
@ { eizures~resulting~in~answer~signal } over { otal~seizures } @ \(mu 100
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
.sp 1
Measurement of ASR may be made on a circuit group or on a
destination basis.
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
3.6.4
\fBanswer bid ratio (ABR)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
ABR gives the relationship between the number of bids that result in an
answer signal and the total number of bids. ABR may be made on a circuit
group or on a destination basis.
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
ABR =
@ { ids~resulting~in~answer~signal } over { otal~bids } @ \(mu 100
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
.sp 1
ABR is expressed as a percentage and is a direct measure of the
effectiveness of traffic onward from the point of measurement. It is similar
to ASR except that it includes bids that do not result in a seizure.
.sp 1P
.LP
3.6.5
\fBseizures per circuit per hour (SCH)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
SCH is an indication of the average number of times, in a
specified
time interval, that each circuit group is seized. When related to the expected
values of average call holding times and effective call/seizure rate for
the
circuit group, it will give an indication of the effectiveness of the service
being offered.
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
SCH =
@ { eizures~per~hour } over { uantity~of~circuits~available~for~service } @
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
.sp 1
It is not necessary to accumulate data for an hour to compute SCH. (See
\(sc\ 3.6.2 \(em BCH.)
.sp 1P
.LP
3.6.6
\fBoccupancy\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Occupancy can be represented in units (for example, erlangs,
hundred\(hycall\(hyseconds (CCS) or as a percentage. It can be measured
as a total
for a destination or for a circuit group and as an average per circuit on a
circuit group. Its use for network management purposes is to show usage
and to identify unusual traffic levels.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
3.6.7
\fBmean holding time per seizure\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This is the total holding time divided by the total number of
seizures and can be calculated on a circuit group basis or for switching
equipment.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
3.6.8
\fBbusy\(hyflash seizure ratio (BFSR)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
BFSR gives the relationship between the number of seizures that
result in a \*Qbusy\(hyflash\*U signal (or its equivalent) and the total
number of
seizures. Measurement of BFSR is usually made on a circuit group
basis.
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
BFSR =
@ { eizures~resulting~in~a~\*Qbusy\(hyflash\*U } over { otal~seizures } @ \(mu 100
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
.sp 1
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The source of \*Qbusy\(hyflash\*U signals, or their
equivalent, will vary with the signalling system used. Therefore, the calculated
BFSR on
individual circuit groups may naturally be different, and as a result,
caution should be used when comparing BFSR among circuit groups.
.bp
.PP
3.7
The number of parameters possible or necessary for particular
Administration purposes will depend upon a variety of factors. These will
include:
.LP
a)
the data available at an exchange;
.LP
b)
the particular routing arrangements employed (for example, SCH and BCH
relate to circuit group performance only; ABR, ASR,
and %\ OFL can relate to circuit group or destination performance);
.LP
c)
the interrelationships which exist between the parameters
(for example, SCH can give similar indications to ASR \(em\ see \(sc\ 3.6.5
above).
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBInterpretation of parameters\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The interpretation of parameters on which network management
actions are based can most conveniently be made by considering the originating
international exchange as the reference point (see Figure\ 1/E.411).
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 11P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/E.411, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
From this reference point, the factors which affect call
completion can broadly be divided into three main components:
.LP
a)
switching loss (near\(hyend loss);
.LP
b)
circuit congestion loss (near\(hyend loss);
.LP
c)
distant network loss (far\(hyend loss).
.sp 1P
.LP
4.1
\fISwitching loss\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Switching loss may be due to:
.RT
.LP
1)
common equipment or switchblock congestion, or queue
overflows or processor overloads;
.LP
2)
failures in incoming signalling;
.LP
3)
subscriber/operator dependent errors, such as insufficient or invalid
digits, premature call abandonment,\ etc.;
.LP
4)
routing errors, such as barred transit access;
.LP
5)
other technical failures.
.PP
Guidance to the identification of switching loss can be obtained from \(sc\
3.3.
.sp 1P
.LP
4.2
\fICircuit congestion loss\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This loss will depend on:
.RT
.LP
1)
the number of circuits available for a destination, and:
.LP
2)
the level of demand for that destination,
.LP
3)
the traffic performance on the circuit groups to that
destination.
.bp
.PP
Indication that circuit congestion loss may occur can be obtained from
the status information detailed in \(sc\ 3.3.2 above.
.PP
Circuit congestion loss can be identified by any of the
following:
.RT
.LP
\(em
percentage overflow (see \(sc\ 3.6.1),
.LP
\(em
a difference between the \*Qbids per circuit per hour\*U and
\*Qseizures per circuit per hour\*U measurements on the final circuit
group (see \(sc\(sc\ 3.6.2 and\ 3.6.5),
.LP
\(em
a difference between the \*Qanswer bid ratio\*U and the \*Qanswer seizure
ratio\*U (see \(sc\(sc\ 3.6.3 and\ 3.6.4).
.PP
It should be noted that for both\(hyway operated circuit groups,
excessive demand in the incoming direction may also cause circuit congestion
loss. This can be identified by comparing incoming and outgoing bids, seizures
or occupancy.
.sp 1P
.LP
4.3
\fIDistant network loss\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Distant network loss may be divided into:
.RT
.LP
1)
\fItechnical loss\fR | due to distant exchange and national
circuit faults,
.LP
2)
\fIsubscriber dependent loss\fR | due to subscriber B busy, no answer,
invalid distant number, number unavailable,\ etc.,
.LP
3)
\fItraffic dependent loss\fR | these losses are due to lack of distant
network capacity to meet traffic demand.
.PP
Under normal conditions, and for a large sample measured over a
long period, distant network loss can be said to have a fixed or ambient
overhead loss (this value depends on destination with some hour\(hyby\(hyhour
and
day\(hyby\(hyday variations).
.PP
Under abnormal situations (heavy demand, failures, etc.) distant
network losses can be significantly affected. Variations in distant network
loss can be identified by any of the following:
.RT
.LP
\(em
answer seizure ratio (see \(sc\ 3.6.3) (this is a direct
measurement),
.LP
\(em
seizures per circuit per hour (see \(sc\ 3.6.5) (this is an
indirect measurement),
.LP
\(em
mean holding time per seizure (see \(sc\ 3.6.7) (this is an
indirect measurement),
.LP
\(em
busy\(hyflash seizure ratio (see \(sc\ 3.6.8) (this is a direct
measurement).
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBCriteria for action\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
5.1
The basis for the decision on whether any network management
action should be taken will depend upon real\(hytime information on the
status and performance of the network. It is advantageous if the output
of this
information can be initially restricted to that which is required to identify
possible difficulties in the network. This can be achieved by setting threshold
values for performance parameters, and for the number or the percentage
of
circuits and common control equipment which are in service, such that when
these threshold values are crossed, network management action can be
considered. These threshold values will represent some of the criteria
by which decisions are reached.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
5.2
Indications that a threshold has been crossed and \*Qall circuits on a
circuit group are busy\*U and \*Qall circuit groups to a destination are
busy\*U
may be used to direct attention to the particular area of the network for
which detailed performance information will then be required.
.PP
5.3
The decision on whether or not to take network management action, and what
action will be taken, is the responsibility of the network management personnel.
In addition to the criteria mentioned above, this decision will be based
on a number of factors, which could include:
.LP
\(em
a knowledge of the source of the difficulty;
.LP
\(em
detailed performance and status information;
.LP
\(em
any predetermined plans that exist
(see Recommendation\ E.413);
.LP
\(em
experience with and knowledge of the network;
.LP
\(em
routing plan employed;
.LP
\(em
local traffic patterns;
.LP
\(em
ability to control the flow of traffic
(see Recommendation\ E.412).
.PP
This personnel is responsible for ensuring that conventional
network management controls, once activated, are not left
unsupervised.
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB6\fR \fBNetwork management actions\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.1
\fIGeneral\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Network management actions fall into two broad
categories:
.RT
.LP
a)
\*Qexpansive\*U actions, which are designed to make available
lightly loaded parts of the network to traffic experiencing
congestion;
.LP
b)
\*Qprotective\*U actions, which are designed to remove traffic from the
network during congestion which has a low probability
of resulting in successful calls.
.PP
Normally, the first choice response to a network problem would be an expansive
action. Protective actions would be used if expansive actions
were not available or not effective.
.PP
Network management actions may be taken:
.RT
.LP
\(em
according to plans which have been mutually agreed to between Administrations
prior to the event (see Recommendation\ E.413);
.LP
\(em
according to ad hoc arrangements agreed to at the time of an event (see
Recommendation\ E.413);
.LP
\(em
by an individual Administration wishing to reduce its
traffic entering the international network, or to protect its
own network.
.sp 1P
.LP
6.2
\fIExpansive actions\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Expansive actions involve the rerouting of traffic from circuit
groups experiencing congestion to other parts of the network which are
lightly loaded with traffic, for example, due to differences in busy hours.
.PP
Examples of expansive actions are:
.RT
.LP
a)
establishing temporary alternative routing arrangements in addition to
those normally available;
.LP
b)
in a country where there is more than one international
exchange, temporarily reorganizing the distribution of outgoing
(or incoming) international traffic;
.LP
c)
establishing alternative routings into the national network for incoming
international traffic;
.LP
d)
establishing alternative routings to an international
exchange in the national network for originating international
traffic.
.PP
The protective action of inhibiting one direction of operation of both\(hyway
circuits [see \(sc\ 6.3 a)] can have an expansive effect in the other
direction of operation.
.sp 1P
.LP
6.3
\fIProtective actions\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Protective actions involve removing traffic from the network during congestion
which has a low probability of resulting in successful calls. Such traffic
should be removed as close as possible to its origin, thus making more
of the network available to traffic which has a higher probability of success.
.PP
Examples of protective actions are:
.RT
.LP
a)
Temporary removal of circuits from service (circuit
busying). This action may be taken when a distant part of the
network is experiencing serious congestion.
.LP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ In the case of both\(hyway circuits, it may only be
necessary to inhibit one direction of operation. This is called
directionalization
.
.LP
b)
Special instructions to operators. For example, such
instructions may require that only a limited number of attempts
(or none at all) be made to set up a call via a congested circuit
group or exchange, or to a particular destination experiencing
congestion.
.LP
c)
Special recorded announcements. Such announcements may be
connected at an international or national exchange and, when there
is serious congestion within part of the network, would advise
customers (and/or operators) to take appropriate action.
.LP
d)
Inhibiting overflow traffic. This action prevents traffic
from overflowing onto circuit groups or into distant exchanges
which are already experiencing congestion.
.bp
.LP
e)
Inhibiting direct traffic. This action reduces the traffic accessing
a circuit group in order to reduce the loading on the
distant network.
.LP
f
)
Inhibiting traffic to a particular destination (code blocking or call
gapping). This action may be taken when it is
known that a distant part of the network is experiencing congestion.
.LP
g)
Circuit reservation. This action reserves the last few idle circuits
in a circuit group for a particular type of traffic.
.PP
6.4
Information on the network management controls (and their
method of activation) which can be used for expansive and protective actions
is found in Recommendation\ E.412.
.sp 2P
.LP
6.5
\fIActions during disasters\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
6.5.1
Disasters whether man\(hymade or natural can result in damage to the telephone
network, they can give rise to heavy calling, or both.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
6.5.2
A single point of contact for network\(hyrelated information should be
established to prevent confusion, duplication of effort, and to ensure
an
orderly process of returning communications to normal. It is recommended
that the single point of contact be the network management implementation
and
control point (see Recommendation\ E.414, \(sc\ 4) within the Administration
affected by the disaster.
.PP
6.5.3
The role of the network management implementation and control
point may vary depending on the size or impact of a disaster. However, the
following are functions which may be required:
.LP
\(em
assess the impact of the disaster on the network
(transmission systems, exchanges, circuit groups, destination codes,
isolated destinations);
.LP
\(em
provide status information, as appropriate, to:
.LP
i)
operator services
.LP
ii)
public relations and media
.LP
iii)
government agencies
.LP
iv)
other network management implementation and
control points;
.LP
\(em
develop and implement control strategies (expansive and
protective);
.LP
\(em
assist in determining the need for, and locating, technical equipment
to restore communications.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB7\fR \fBExchange of information\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
7.1
Effective network management requires good communications and cooperation
between the various network management elements within an
Administration and with similar elements in other Administrations (see
Recommendation\ E.414). This includes the exchange of real\(hytime information
as to the status and performance of circuit groups, exchanges and traffic
flow in distant locations.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
7.2
Such information can be exchanged in a variety of ways, depending on the
requirements of the Administrations. Voice communications can be
established between or among network management centres using dedicated
service circuits or the public telephone network. Certain operational signals,
such as switching congestion indicators, may be transported directly by
the common
channel signalling system. (See Recommendation\ Q.297 for Signalling
System\ No.\ 6 and
Recommendations\ Q.722, Q.723, Q.724, Q.762, Q.763 and\ Q.764 for
Signalling System\ No.\ 7.) Larger data exchange requirements on a
.LP
regular basis may be supported by the Telecommunications Management Network
(TMN) (see Recommendation\ M.30) or by use of a packet switched network
capability. The transfer of smaller amounts of data on an infrequent basis
may be supported by telex or similar media, or by facsimile.
.sp 2P
.LP
7.3
\fIGuidance on the\fR
\fIuse of common channel signalling for network\fR \fImanagement\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
7.3.1
Common channel signalling systems provide a fast and reliable means of
transfering network management operational signals between exchanges. An
example is the transfer of exchange congestion status signals for the
Automatic
Congestion Control (ACC) system (see Recommendation\ E.412, \(sc\ 3.1). These
signals should be given a high priority in common channel signalling flow
control. Specific details on the application of network management operational
signals in Signalling System\ No.\ 6 are found in Recommendation\ Q.297.
In the
case of Signalling System\ No.\ 7, the details for the Telephone User Part
(TUP)
are found in Recommendations\ Q.722, Q.723 and\ Q.724, and the ISDN User Part
(ISUP) are found in Recommendations\ Q.762, Q.763 and\ Q.764.
.bp
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
7.3.2
Signalling System No. 7 may also be used to transfer network
management
data and status information between an exchange and its network management
operations system, and between network management operations systems. It
should be noted that in these applications, the volume of data to be transferred
can be quite large and its frequency of transmission can be as high as
every three minutes. When this data is transferred over signalling links
which also handle user signalling traffic, stringent safeguards must be
adopted to minimize the risk of signalling system overloads during busy
periods when both user
signalling traffic and network management data transmissions are at their
highest levels. These safeguards include the following:
.LP
\(em
limiting the amount of network management information to be transferred
on signalling links which also carry user signalling
messages;
.LP
\(em
using dedicated signalling links for network management
purposes;
.LP
\(em
using the telecommunications management network (TMN), or
the Operations and Maintenance Application Part (OMAP) in Signalling
System\ No.\ 7 (for further study);
.LP
\(em
developing appropriate flow control priorities for
network management information (for further study);
.LP
\(em
equipping the network management operations system in such a way that
it can respond to signalling system flow control messages.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB8\fR \fBBeginning network management\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The introduction of network management into an existing network
should be viewed as a long\(hyterm project. This long period is
required:
.RT
.LP
\(em
to gain knowledge and experience of network management;
.LP
\(em
to carry out studies on the requirements of an individual
network;
.LP
\(em
to write specifications for network management requirements in present
and future telephone exchanges and to hold discussions
with manufacturers;
.LP
\(em
to oversee the introduction of facilities and to organize and train suitable
network management staff;
.LP
\(em
to introduce limited facilities in existing older technology exchanges.
.PP
A rational approach would consist in first using existing limited facilities
to manage the network, while at the same time developing full
network management facilities with the introduction of modern stored program
control (SPC) exchanges.
.sp 2P
.LP
8.1
\fIUtilizing existing resources and capabilities\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
8.1.1
\fIResponsibility\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
As an important first step, the responsibility for network
management should be identified and assigned within an organization. This
initial organization can then be expanded, as required, in accordance with
Recommendation\ E.414.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
8.1.2
\fITelephone operators\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Operators are usually aware of problems as they occur in the
network, and this information can reveal the need to control traffic. The
operators can then be directed to modify their procedures to reduce repeated
attempts, or to use alternative routings to a destination. They can also
provide special information and/or instructions to customers and distant
operators during unusual situations.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
8.1.3
\fIExchange capabilities\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Exchanges may have been provided with certain features which can be adapted
for network management purposes. Data already available for maintenance
or traffic engineering purposes could be used for network management, or
could be made available through the addition of an interface unit. In addition,
manually operated switches or keys can be provided in electro\(hymechanical
exchanges to block certain destination codes or to change alternate routing.
They can be provided separately for each item of common control equipment,
thereby allowing flexible control of traffic to a destination.
.bp
.PP
The scope for network management in a telecommunications network may depend
on the technology of the exchanges in that network. However, close
examination of the manufacturers' specifications for SPC exchanges may
reveal that certain network management functions may be available, for
example, via a maintenance terminal.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
8.1.4
\fICircuits\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Both\(hyway circuits can be made busy to one direction of operation to
improve the flow of traffic in the other direction. In addition, both\(hyway
and one\(hyway circuits can be removed from service, when necessary. Both
of these
actions may be taken by verbal direction to the responsible maintenance
organization.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
8.2
\fIImproving capabilities\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
From the experience gained through the use of these simple tools, more
sophisticated network management facilities can be specified. In the interest
of cost reduction, these up\(hygraded network management capabilities should
be
planned for introduction as a part of a planned addition or modification
to an exchange, and should be specified as a part of the initial installation
of new systems. Before purchasing a new exchange, attention should be paid
to the
ability of the exchange to provide network management requirements as specified
in Recommendations\ Q.542 and\ Q.544.
.PP
In some cases, certain off\(hyline network management information storing
and processing needs may be accommodated by the use of personal computers.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB9\fR \fBConsiderations for the development of network management\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
9.1
Network management can be provided on a distributed basis,
where network management functions are provided \*Qon\(hysite\*U at the
exchange, or on a centralized basis, where network management functions
for a number of
exchanges are provided at a single location. Each approach provides certain
advantages which should be recognized when deciding which one would be
appropriate for an Administration's situation. In general, the decentralized
distributed
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
approach may be more appropriate where activity levels are relatively low.
It may also be an appropriate way to get started in network management.
The
centralized approach may be more appropriate in networks where activity
levels are high. In some networks, a combination of these approaches may
be most
effective.
.sp 1P
.LP
9.2
\fIAdvantages of the decentralized (distributed) approach\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The decentralized (distributed) approach provides certain
advantages, which include the following:
.RT
.LP
\(em
locally available features and capabilities can be developed and used
(see \(sc\ 8.1.3);
.LP
\(em
a more detailed analysis and assessment of localized problems are possible;
.LP
\(em
survivability of network management functions is improved,
since a problem or outage at one location will not usually result
in the loss of all network management capabilities;
.LP
\(em
network management functions may be assigned to existing
staff, eliminating the need to develop a dedicated, specialized
staff;
.LP
\(em
it may provide an interim capability while a long\(hyterm plan is being
developed and deployed.
.sp 1P
.LP
9.3
\fIAdvantages of the centralized approach\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
A centralized network management centre provides a number of
operational benefits when compared with a distributed approach, where network
management functions are provided \*Qon\(hysite\*U at the exchange. These
include:
.RT
.LP
\(em
more effective network management operations. A centralized approach
is inherently more effective in dealing with complex,
interrelated network problems in the SPC\(hycommon channel
signalling environment, and will become more so during the
transition to ISDN. In many cases, the most effective response
to a problem in the international network might be to take
action in the national network, and vice\(hyversa. A centralized
approach simplifies the problem of coordination of activities
in these cases;
.bp
.LP
\(em
a more \*Qglobal\*U view of network performance. This, in turn, will
permit faster and more accurate problem identification, and
the development of more effective control strategies which can be
implemented with less delay;
.LP
\(em
a central point of contact for network management, both
internally and with other Administrations (see
Recommendation\ E.414);
.LP
\(em
more efficient network management operations. The cost of
staffing and training is reduced, and staff expertise is
enhanced through specialization.
.sp 1P
.LP
9.4
\fINetwork management operations systems\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
A computer\(hybased network management operations system can provide considerable
benefits to a network management centre due to its ability to
process large volumes of information and to present that information in a
common format. The functions of a network management operations system
include the following:
.RT
.LP
\(em
collecting alarms, status information and network management traffic
data from exchanges (see \(sc\ 3 and Recommendation\ E.502);
.LP
\(em
processing the collected data and calculating network
management parameters (see \(sc\ 3 and Recommendation\ E.502);
.LP
\(em
providing performance reports (see \(sc\ 9.4.1);
.LP
\(em
comparing network management parameters with thresholds to
identify unusual conditions;
.LP
\(em
applying controls in exchanges based on input commands;
.LP
\(em
calculating hard\(hyto\(hyreach status of destinations and
providing this information to exchanges;
.LP
\(em
interfacing with network management centre visual displays, and work
station terminals and printers;
.LP
\(em
preparing administrative reports;
.LP
\(em
maintaining a database of network statistics and
information.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Many of these functions can also be provided to the
Network Management Centre by each SPC exchange, however, the
provision of these functions in a network management operations
system may reduce the requirements placed on the exchanges.
.sp 1P
.LP
9.4.1
\fIPerformance reports\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Performance reports can be provided in the following
ways:
.RT
.LP
i)
\fIautomatic data\fR \(em this data is provided automatically as
specified in the operations system software, and cannot be readily
changed by the network manager;
.LP
ii)
\fIscheduled data\fR \(em this data is provided according to a
schedule established by the network manager;
.LP
iii)
\fIdemand data\fR \(em this data is provided only in response to a specific
request by the network manager. In addition to
performance data, demand data includes reference data, such as
the number of circuits provided or available for service, routing
information, assigned threshold values, numbers of installed
switching system components,\ etc.;
.LP
iv)
\fIexception data\fR \(em this data is provided when a data count or
calculation crosses a threshold established by the network manager.
.PP
Data reports can be provided on a regular basis, for example,
every 3\ minutes, 5\ minutes, 15\ minutes, 30\ minutes, or hour. The specific
interval for any data report will be determined by the network manager.
Historic data relating to at least the previous two or three periods should
also be available.
.sp 1P
.LP
9.4.2
\fIOther considerations\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
It should be noted that shorter collection intervals increase the usefulness
of the data to the network manager, but also increase the size and cost
of the operations system and may increase the volatility of the data.
.bp
.PP
It should also be noted that it is important that network management controls
should not become completely unavailable due to the failure or
malfunction of the network management operations system or of its
communications links with exchanges. Therefore, network management operations
systems should be planned with a high degree of reliability, survivability
and security. This could be achieved through the provision of certain essential
capabilities (such as controls and automatic routing protection mechanisms)
on\(hysite in the exchange, or by redundancy in computers and data links, or
through the provision of alternative stand\(hyby centres.
.PP
The failure of a network management operations system should not have an
adverse impact on normal traffic flow in the network.
.RT
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ A
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation E.411)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBTerminology for network management\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ce 0
.LP
A.1
\fBcircuit\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
A circuit connects two exchanges. A national circuit connects two exchanges
in the same country. An international circuit connects two
international exchanges situated in different countries. (Based on
Recommendation\ D.150 and Recommendation\ F.68.)
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
A.2
\fBcircuit group\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The set of all switched circuits which directly interconnect one exchange
with another.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
A.3
\fBcircuit sub\(hygroup\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
A set of circuits within a circuit group which are uniquely
identifiable for operational or technical reasons. A circuit group may
consist of one or more circuit sub\(hygroups.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
A.4
\fBdestination\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
A country in which the called subscriber is located or an area or other
location that may be specified within that country. A destination can be
identified by the digits used for routing the call.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
A.5
\fBbid\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
An attempt to obtain a circuit in a circuit group or to a
destination. A bid may be successful or unsuccessful in seizing a circuit in
that circuit group or to that destination.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
A.6
\fBseizure\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
A seizure is a bid for a circuit in a circuit group which succeeds in obtaining
a circuit in that circuit group.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
A.7
\fBanswer signal\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
A signal sent in the backward direction indicating that the call is answered.
(Based on Recommendation\ Q.254.)
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
A.8
\fBholding time\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The time interval between seizure and release of a circuit or
switching equipment.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
A.9
\fBbusy\(hyflash signal (sent in the backward direction)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This signal is sent to the outgoing international exchange to show that
either the circuit group, or the called subscriber, is busy
(Signalling Systems\ No.\ 4 and No.\ 5, see Recommendations\ Q.120 and\ Q.140).
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ In Signalling Systems No. 6 and No. 7, there is no busy\(hyflash
signal. However, the equivalent of busy\(hyflash can be roughly approximated
through the aggregation of specific backward failure signals such as circuit
group congestion, national network congestion and subscriber busy.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ E.412\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBNETWORK\ MANAGEMENT\ CONTROLS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.412''
.OF '''Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.412 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBIntroduction\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
1.1
Network management controls provide the means to alter the
flow
of traffic in the network in support of the network management objectives
given in Recommendation\ E.410. Most network management controls are taken
by or
in the exchange (see Recommendation\ Q.542), but certain actions can be taken
external to the exchange. This Recommendation provides specific information
on network management controls and gives guidance concerning their application.
However, it should be noted that the suggested use for each network management
control is given only for the purpose of illustration. Other controls,
separately or in combination, may be more appropriate in any given situation.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
1.2
The application or removal of network management controls
should be based on network performance data which indicates that action is
.LP
required in accordance with the network management principles in
Recommendation\ E.410, \(sc\ 4. Performance data will also measure the
effect of any network management control taken, and will indicate when
a network management control should be modified or removed (see Recommendations\
E.411 and\ E.502).
.PP
1.3
Controls can be activated or removed in an exchange by input
from a network management operations system or by direct input from a terminal.
In some cases, controls can be activated automatically either by external
or
internal stimulus, or when a parameter threshold has been exceeded. [The
automatic congestion control (ACC) system is an example (see \(sc\ 4.1).] When
automatic control operation is provided, means for human override should
also be provided.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBTraffic to be controlled\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.1
\fIType of traffic\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Exchanges should be capable of applying a range of network
management controls (see Recommendation\ Q.542). For increased flexibility
and precision, there is considerable advantage when the effect of a control
can be limited to a particular specified traffic element.
.PP
The operating parameters of a control can be defined by a set of
traffic attributes. As shown in Figure\ 1/E.412, these parameters include
distinctions based on the origin of the traffic, for example customer\(hydialled,
operator\(hydialled, transit or other such classification as may be specified
by the Administration. These can be further classified by type of service,
particularly for ISDN.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 15P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/E.412, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.PP
Additional attributes can be specified based on information which may be
available in the exchange. For example, incoming/outgoing circuit group
class, or hard\(hyto\(hyreach status of destinations (see \(sc\ 2.2) can
be used. Further distinctions can be based on the outgoing traffic type,
for example direct
routed, alternate routed or transit.
.PP
In general, the more attributes that can be specified for a control, the
more precise will be its effect.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Precision is of vital importance, particularly in the
case of protective controls.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
2.2
\fIHard\(hyto\(hyreach (HTR) process\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
2.2.1
A hard\(hyto\(hyreach process for network management will enable
exchanges to automatically make more efficient use of network resources
during periods of network congestion by improving the performance of network
management controls. This improved performance is derived from the ability
to distinguish between destinations that are easy to reach (ETR) and
destinations that are hard\(hyto\(hyreach (HTR), (e.g.,\ destinations with
a low
answer bid ratio) and applying heavier controls to HTR traffic. This
distinction can be based on:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
i)
internal performance measurements within the exchange
and/or the network management operations system;
.LP
ii)
similar information gathered and reported by other
exchanges;
.LP
iii)
historical and current observations of network performance
by network managers.
.LP
.PP
The network manager should have the ability to set the threshold for HTR
determination in the exchange or network management operations system,
and to assign a destination as HTR regardless of its actual status.
.sp 1P
.LP
2.2.2
\fIControlling traffic based on HTR status\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
When a call to a destination that is on the HTR list is being
routed and a network management control on HTR
traffic is encountered, the call should be controlled according to the
relevant parameters. If a destination is considered HTR, it normally
should be HTR for all outgoing circuit groups.
.PP
Additional details of the hard\(hyto\(hyreach process can be found in
Recommendation\ Q.542.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
2.3
\fIMethods for specifying the amount of traffic to be controlled\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3.1
\fICall percentage control\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
There is considerable advantage when exchange controls can be
activated to affect a variable percentage of traffic (for example\ 10%, 25%,
50%, 75% or\ 100%).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3.2
\fICall rate control\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
.PP
An ability to set an upper limit on the maximum number of calls to be allowed
to access the network during a specified period of time is of
particular advantage.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBExchange controls\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Network management controls may be applied in exchanges to control traffic
volume or to control the routing of traffic. The resulting effect on
traffic of these controls may be expansive or protective, depending on the
control used, its point of application and the traffic element selected for
control.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
3.1
\fITraffic volume controls\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Traffic volume controls generally serve to control the volume of
traffic offered to a circuit group or destination. These include the
following:
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
3.1.1
\fIDestination controls\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
3.1.1.1
\fICode blocking\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This control bars routing for a specific destination on a
percentage basis. Code blocking can be done on a country code, an area code,
.PP
an exchange identifying code or an individual line number. The last of
these is the most selective control available.
.RT
.LP
\fITypical\ application:\fR | Used for immediate control of focussed
overloads or mass\(hycalling situations.
.sp 1P
.LP
3.1.1.2
\fICall\(hygapping\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This control sets an upper limit on the number of call attempts
allowed to be routed to the specified destination in a particular period of
time (for example, no more than 5\ call attempts per minute). Thus, the
number of call attempts that are routed can never exceed the specified
amount.
.RT
.LP
\fITypical\ application:\fR | Used for the control of focussed
overloads,
particularly mass\(hycalling to an individual line number. A detailed
analysis may be required to determine the proper call\(hyrate
parameters.
.sp 1P
.LP
3.1.2
\fICancellation of direct routing\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This control blocks the amount of direct routed traffic accessing a circuit
group.
.RT
.LP
\fITypical\ application:\fR | Used to reduce traffic to congested
circuit
groups or exchanges where there is no alternate routed traffic.
.sp 1P
.LP
3.1.3
\fICircuit directionalization\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This control changes both\(hyway operated circuits to incoming
operated circuits, either on a percentage basis or by a specified number of
circuits. At the end of the circuit group for which access is inhibited,
this is a protective action, whereas at the other end of the circuit group
(where
access is still available), it is an expansive action.
.RT
.LP
\fITypical\ application:\fR | To enhance the flow of traffic outward
from
a disaster area while inhibiting incoming traffic. To have an effect,
it is recommended that the minimum amount of directionalization be at
least\ 50%.
.sp 1P
.LP
3.1.4
\fICircuit turndown/busying/blocking\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This control removes one\(hyway and/or both\(hyway operated circuits from
service, either on a percentage basis or by a specified number of
circuits.
.RT
.LP
\fITypical\ application:\fR | Used to control exchange congestion when
no other control action is available.
.sp 1P
.LP
3.1.5
\fISpecialized volume controls\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Both the automatic congestion control (ACC) system and the
selective circuit reservation control (SCR) are volume controls, but due
to their specialized nature, they are described separately in \(sc\ 4.1
and
\(sc\ 4.2.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
3.2
\fIRouting control\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Routing controls are used to control the routing of traffic to a
destination, or to or from a circuit group. However, it should be noted that
in some cases a routing control may also affect the volume of traffic.
Controls which are applied to circuit groups may also be applied to circuit
sub\(hygroups, when appropriate.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
3.2.1
\fICancellation of alternative routing\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Two versions of this control are possible. One version prevents
traffic from overflowing \fIFROM\fR | the controlled circuit group: alternative
routing from (ARF). The other version prevents overflow traffic from all
sources from having access \fITO\fR the controlled circuit group: alternative
routing to (ART). See Figure\ 2/E.412.
.RT
.LP
\fITypical\ application:\fR | There are many uses for this control.
These include controlling alternative routing in a congested network
to limit multi\(hylink connections, or to reduce alternative routed
attempts on a congested exchange.
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 24P
.ad r
\fBFigure 2/E.412, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
3.2.2
\fISkip\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This control allows traffic to bypass a specified circuit group
and advance instead to the next circuit group in its normal routing
pattern.
.RT
.LP
\fITypical\ application:\fR | Used to bypass a congested circuit group
or distant exchange when the next circuit group can deliver the call
attempts to the destination without involving the congested circuit
group or exchange. Application is usually limited to networks with
extensive alternative routing. When used on both\(hyway circuit groups
it has an expansive effect on traffic flow in the opposite direction.
.sp 1P
.LP
3.2.3
\fITemporary alternative routing\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This control redirects traffic from congested circuit groups to
other circuit groups not normally available which have idle capacity
at the time.
.RT
.LP
\fITypical\ application:\fR | To increase the number of successful calls
during periods of circuit group congestion and to improve the grade of
service to subscribers.
.sp 1P
.LP
3.2.4
\fISpecial recorded announcements\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
These are recorded announcements which give special information to operators
and/or subscribers, such as to defer their call to a later time.
.RT
.LP
\fITypical\ application:\fR | Used to notify customers of unusual
network
conditions, and to modify the calling behavior of customers and
operators when unusual network conditions are present. Calls that are
blocked by other network management controls can also be routed to a
recorded announcement.
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 25P
.ad r
\fBFigure 3/E.412, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBAutomatic exchange controls\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Automatic dynamic network management controls
represent a significant improvement over conventional controls. These controls,
which are preassigned, can quickly respond to conditions internally detected
by the
exchange, or to status signals from other exchanges, and are promptly removed
when no longer required. Automatic control applications should be planned,
taking into account the internal overload control strategy provided in the
exchange software.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
4.1
\fIAutomatic congestion control system\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
4.1.1
\fIExchange congestion\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
When a digital international/transit exchange carries traffic
above the engineered level, it can experience an overload that
diminishes its total call processing capability. Because of
the speed of the onset of such congestion and the critical nature of the
condition, it is appropriate that control be automatic. The automatic
congestion control (ACC) system consists in the congested exchange sending a
congestion indicator to the connected exchange(s) using common channel
signalling. The exchange(s) receiving the congestion indication can respond
.PP
by reducing a certain percentage of the traffic offered to the congested
exchange, based on the response action selected for each application.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
4.1.2
\fIDetection and transmission of congestion status\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
An exchange should establish a critical operating system benchmark, and
when continued levels of nominal performance are not achieved (e.g.\ due
to excessive traffic), a state of congestion is declared. Thresholds should
be
established so that the two levels of congestion can be identified, with
congestion level\ 2 (CL2) indicating a more severe performance degradation
than congestion level\ 1 (CL1). When either level of congestion occurs, the
exchange should have the capability to:
.RT
.LP
1)
code an ACC indication in the appropriate
common channel signalling messages, and
.LP
2)
notify its network management
centre and support system of a change in its current congestion status.
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
4.1.3
\fIReception and control\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
When an exchange receives a signal that indicates a congestion
problem at a connected exchange, the receiving exchange should have the
capability to reduce the number of seizures sent to the congested exchange.
.PP
An exchange should have the capability of:
.RT
.LP
1)
assigning an ACC
response action on an individual circuit group
.FS
In this context, the
.LP
term \*Qcircuit group\*U refers to all of the outgoing and both\(hyway circuit
sub\(hygroups which may directly connect the congested exchange and the
responding exchange.
.FE
basis, as specified by the network manager, and
.LP
2)
notifying its network management centre and support system of a change
in congestion status received from a distant exchange.
.PP
There should be several control categories available in the
exchange. Each category would specify the type and amount of traffic to be
controlled in response to each of the received ACC\ indicators. The categories
could be structured so as to present a wide range of response options.
.PP
For a specific ACC response category, if the received ACC indicator is
set to a CL1 condition then the receiving exchange could, for example,
control a percentage of the Alternate Routed To (ART) traffic to the affected
exchange. The action taken by the control would be to either SKIP or CANCEL
the
controlled calls, depending on the ACC\ response action that was assigned to
that circuit group. In a similar manner, if a CL2 condition is indicated,
then the receiving exchange could control all ART traffic and some percentage
of
Direct Routed\ (DR) traffic. Other options could include the ability to
control hard\(hyto\(hyreach traffic, or transit traffic. In the future, control
categories
.PP
could be expanded to include service\(hyspecific controls. This would be
particularly useful in the transition to ISDN.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ ACC response categories can be set locally in the exchange
or by input from a network management centre, or operations system.
.PP
Table 1/E.412 is an example of the flexibility that could be achieved in
response to a signal from an exchange that is experiencing congestion.
In
this example, different control actions would be taken based upon the
distinction between ART and DR\ traffic types. These actions could represent
the initial capabilities available with the ACC control. Other alternatives
in the future could include the ability to control hard\(hyto\(hyreach
traffic (see \(sc\ 2.2), or transit traffic or to provide other controls
such as call\(hygapping.
Additional response categories could also be added to Table\ 1/E.412 to give
greater flexibility and more response options to the ACC control. It could
also be possible to exclude priority calls from ACC control.
.RT
.ce
\fBH.T. [T1.412]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ 1/E.412
.ce
\fBACC control response\fR
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(60p) | cw(60p) | cw(30p) sw(30p) sw(30p) , ^ | ^ | c | c | c.
Congestion level Traffic type Response category
A B C
_
.T&
cw(60p) | cw(60p) | cw(30p) | cw(30p) | cw(30p) , ^ | c | c | c | c.
CL1 ART \ \ 0 \ \ 0 100
DR \ \ 0 \ \ 0 \ \ 0
_
.T&
cw(60p) | cw(60p) | cw(30p) | cw(30p) | cw(30p) , ^ | c | c | c | c.
CL2 ART 100 100 100
DR \ \ 0 \ 75 \ 75
_
.TE
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTable 1/E.412 [T1.412], p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.PP
4.1.4
Any international application of ACC should be based on
negotiation and bilateral agreement among the affected Administrations. This
includes an agreement as to whether the controlled calls should be skipped
or cancelled. Application within a national network would be a national
matter. An exchange that is capable of \*QACC receive and control\*U should
not
indiscriminately assign ACC to all routes since a distant exchange may be
equipped for common channel signalling, but may not yet have an ACC transmit
capability. This could result in invalid information in the ACC fields
in the signalling messages and the inappropriate application of ACC controls
at the
receiving exchange. Additional details on the ACC\ system are in
Recommendation\ Q.542.
.sp 9p
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
4.2
\fISelective circuit reservation control\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
4.2.1
The selective circuit reservation control enables an exchange to automatically
give preference to a specific type (or types) of traffic over others (e.g.,\
direct routed calls over alternate routed calls) at the moment
when circuit congestion is present or imminent. The selective circuit
reservation control can be provided with one or two thresholds, with the
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
latter being preferred due to its greater selectivity. Specific details
on the selective circuit reservation control may be found in
Recommendation\ Q.542.
.sp 1P
.LP
4.2.2
\fIGeneral characteristics\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The selective circuit reservation control has the following
operating parameters:
.RT
.LP
\(em
a reservation threshold(s),
.LP
\(em
a control response,
.LP
\(em
a control action option.
.PP
The reservation threshold defines how many circuits or how much
circuit capacity should be reserved for those traffic types to be given
preferred access to the circuit group. The control response defines which
traffic types should be given a lesser preference in accessing the circuit
group, and the quantity of each type of traffic to control. The control
action option defines how those calls denied access to the circuit group
should be
handled. The control action options for processing of calls denied access to
the circuit group may be SKIP or CANCEL.
.PP
When the number of idle circuits or the idle capacity in the
given circuit group is less than or equal to the reservation threshold, the
exchange would check the specified control response to determine if calls
should be controlled. The SKIP response allows a call to alternate\(hyroute
to the next circuit group in the routing pattern (if any) while the CANCEL
response
blocks the call.
.PP
These parameters should be able to be set locally in the exchange for each
selected circuit group or by input from a network management operations
system. In addition, the network manager should have the capability to
enable and disable the control, and to enable the control but place it
in a state
where the control does not activate (e.g.,\ by setting the reservation
threshold to zero). Further, the network manager should have the ability
to set the
values for the response categories.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
4.2.3
\fISingle threshold selective circuit reservation control\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
In this version of the control, only a single reservation threshold would
be available for the specified circuit group.
.PP
Table 2/E.412 is an example of the flexibility that could be achieved in
the control's response to circuit group congestion. In the future, other
.PP
distinctions between traffic could be identified that would expand the
number of traffic types in Table\ 2/E.412. An example would be to control
hard\(hyto\(hyreach traffic as indicated in \(sc\ 2.2, or to give preference
to priority calls.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
4.2.4
\fIMulti\(hythreshold selective circuit reservation control\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The multi\(hythreshold control provides two reservation thresholds for
the specified circuit group. The purpose of multiple reservation thresholds
is to allow a gradual increase in the severity of the control response
as the
number of idle circuits in the circuit group decreases. The only restriction
on the assignment of reservation thresholds would be that a reservation
threshold associated with a more stringent control must always be less
than or equal to the reservation threshold of any less stringent control,
in terms of the number of reserved circuits, or circuit capacity.
.bp
.RT
.ce
\fBH.T. [T2.412]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ 2/E.412
.ce
\fBAn example of a single threshold selective circuit reservation\fR
.ce
\fBPercentage control response table\fR
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(60p) | cw(60p) | cw(30p) sw(30p) sw(30p) , ^ | ^ | c | c | c.
{
Circuit group
reservation threshold
} Traffic type {
Response category assigned to circuit group
}
A B C
_
.T&
cw(60p) | cw(60p) | cw(30p) | cw(30p) | cw(30p) , ^ | c | c | c | c.
RT1 ART 25 50 100
DR \ 0 \ 0 \ 25
_
.TE
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTable 2/E.412 [T2.412], p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
Table 3/E.412 is an example of the flexibility that could be achieved in
the control's response to circuit group congestion with a two\(hyreservation
threshold control. In the future, other distinctions between traffic could
be identified that would expand the number of traffic types in Table\ 3/E.412.
An example would be to control hard\(hyto\(hyreach traffic as indicated
in \(sc\ 2.2.
.RT
.ce
\fBH.T. [T3.412]\fR
.ce
TABLE\ 3/E.412
.ce
\fBAn example of a two\(hythreshold selective circuit reservation\fR
.ce
\fBPercentage control response table\fR
.ps 9
.vs 11
.nr VS 11
.nr PS 9
.TS
center box;
cw(54p) | cw(54p) | cw(24p) sw(24p) sw(24p) sw(24p) sw(24p) , ^ | ^ | c | c | c | c | c.
{
Circuit group
reservation threshold
} Traffic type {
Response category assigned to circuit group
}
A B C D E
_
.T&
cw(54p) | cw(54p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) , ^ | c | c | c | c | c | c.
RT1 ART 25 50 75 100 100
DR \ 0 \ 0 \ 0 \ \ 0 \ \ 0
_
.T&
cw(54p) | cw(54p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) | cw(24p) , ^ | c | c | c | c | c | c.
RT2 ART 50 75 75 100 100
DR \ 0 \ 0 25 \ 50 100
_
.TE
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTable 3/E.412 [T3.412], p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBStatus and\fR \fBavailability of network management controls\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
5.1
The exchange and/or network management operations systems
should provide information to the network management centre and/or the
exchange staff as to what controls are currently active and whether the
controls were
activated automatically or by human intervenion. Measurements of calls
affected by each control should also be available (see Recommendation\
E.502).
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
5.2
To help insure the viability of network management
functions during periods of exchange congestion, network management terminals
.LP
(or exchange interfaces with network management operations systems), and
functions such as controls, should be afforded a high priority in the exchange
operating software.
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB6\fR \fBOperator controls\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Traffic operators are usually aware of problems as they occur in
the network, and this information can reveal the need to control traffic.
The operators can then be directed to modify their normal procedures to
reduce
repeated attempts (in general, or only to specified destinations), or to use
alternative routings to a destination. They can also provide information to
customers and distant operators during unusual situations, and can be provided
with special call handling procedures for emergency calls.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation E.413\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERNATIONAL\ NETWORK\ MANAGEMENT\ \(em\ PLANNING\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.413''
.OF '''Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.413 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBIntroduction\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
1.1
Many situations arise which may result in abnormally high or unusually
distributed traffic levels in the international network, or loss of network
capacity, or both. These situations include the following:
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
\(em
peak calling days,
.LP
\(em
failure of transmission systems (including planned outages),
.LP
\(em
failure of exchanges,
.LP
\(em
failure of common channel signalling systems,
.LP
\(em
mass\(hycalling situations,
.LP
\(em
disasters,
.LP
\(em
introduction of new services.
.LP
.PP
Experience has shown that advanced planning for these situations has a
beneficial effect on overall network management efficiency and
effectiveness. The timely application of planned control strategies can be
instrumental in improving network performance.
.PP
1.2
For known or predictable events, predetermined network
management plans should be developed and agreed between Administrations,
bearing in mind the costs involved. The degree of detail of any plan will
depend on the type of situation to be covered. For example, a recurring
event such as Christmas or New Year's Day may be planned in great detail.
The lack of real\(hytime network management facilities in an Administration
should not
preclude planning activities.
.PP
1.3
When unforeseen situations arise for which predetermined plans do not exist,
ad hoc arrangements will need to be agreed at the time. Whether
network management actions result from a negotiated plan, or an ad\ hoc
arrangement, it is essential that agreement be reached between Administrations
concerned before such actions are actually implemented.
.PP
1.4
Network management planning is normally performed by the \*Qnetwork management
planning and liaison\*U point (see Recommendation\ E.414).
.LP
.PP
1.5
Another aspect of network management planning is long\(hyrange
planning for the development and introduction of new network management
techniques and capabilities for surveillance and control. This includes the
development of new or improved controls which may be necessary due to the
introduction of new services or the transition to ISDN. These functions are
normally performed by the \*Qnetwork management development\*U point
(see Recommendation\ E.414).
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBDevelopment of plans\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
2.1
A comprehensive
network management plan
would include some or all of the following, as appropriate:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\(em
Key indicators or criteria which should be used to decide
when a plan should be implemented.
.LP
\(em
The identification of destinations or points likely to be
affected, along with an assessment as to the likely impact on
originating and/or terminating traffic.
.LP
\(em
Control actions which may be required or that should be
considered locally and in distant locations. This includes the
identification of temporary alternative routings which may be
available for use, and the modifications to automatic controls
which may be necessary.
.bp
.LP
\(em
Special call handling procedures to be used by operators, and notification
requirements.
.LP
\(em
Communication requirements. This includes identification of the necessary
information flows between the network management
centre and other organizations which may be involved or may have
information concerning the problem (such as maintenance and
operator centres).
.LP
\(em
Data requirements. This includes determining what
information may be relevant and where it is available.
.LP
\(em
Key events or milestones. These are critical elements which
can measure the success or progress of a plan, and indicate when
certain actions should begin or end.
.PP
2.2
Regardless of the format or detail in a plan, it will not be
fully effective unless it is readily available and understood by all who
may be involved including other Administrations. This requires that network
management plans be reviewed on a regular basis.
Plans should be reviewed to ensure that they
reflect changes or additions that may have taken place in the network since
the plan was prepared. This is particularly important for plans which are
used
.LP
infrequently. Attention should be directed to changes in routing, the
introduction of new circuit groups, new exchanges or common channel signalling,
or the addition of new network management capabilities since the plan was
first developed.
.PP
2.3
When developing network management plans, it is important that
they be flexible and, if possible, contain a number of alternatives. This is
necessary because a planned action may not be viable or available at a given
time, for example:
.LP
\(em
it may be under consideration for the same or another
problem,
.LP
\(em
it may already be in use for some other purpose,
.LP
\(em
a planned transit point may not be available due to
congestion or a lack of spare capacity to or from the transit point
at the time.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBPeak day planning\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
3.1
There are a number of days which give rise to heavy calling in the international
network. These usually correspond to certain religious or
national
holidays. Plans should be developed for those holidays which have resulted,
or are expected to result, in unusually heavy traffic.
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
.PP
Peak\(hyday calling
can result in significant and sustained blockages in the network. This
can be caused by two factors:
.LP
\(em
the average length of conversation on a peak day in many
cases can be significantly longer than on a normal business day;
.LP
\(em
the calling pattern (which is usually residential in nature) may be different
than the normal pattern (which is usually
business\(hyoriented).
.PP
A combination of these factors can result in a
network that is highly congested and which requires careful planning and
extensive network management controls to optimize service and revenues.
.PP
It should be noted that many peak calling days may also be public
holidays. As a result, staffing in telephone exchanges and administrative
offices may be minimal and some traffic data and service measurements may
not be readily available. These factors should also be considered in peak\(hyday
planning.
.RT
.PP
3.2
Peak\(hyday plans may include information on the following, as
appropriate:
.LP
\(em
Network management staffing requirements and expected hours of operations,
and the exchange of such information with other
network management centres.
.LP
\(em
Provision of temporary additional circuits.
.LP
\(em
Directionalization of both\(hyway circuits where appropriate.
.LP
\(em
Temporary alternative routings to take advantage of
anticipated idle capacity.
.LP
\(em
Controls to inhibit alternate routing via transit points that are expected
to be congested.
.LP
\(em
Identification of anticipated hard\(hyto\(hyreach points and
planned controls to reduce attempts to hard\(hyto\(hyreach points.
.LP
\(em
Special calling procedures for operators, including the
exchange of network status information with operator centres.
.bp
.LP
\(em
Advance testing of new controls, or those infrequently
used (including the testing of the rerouting to ensure proper operation
and the ability to complete to a terminating number via the transit point).
.LP
\(em
Consideration of limiting installation and maintenance
activity just prior to the peak day to only essential work in order to
insure that all available circuits and switching equipment are
in service.
.LP
\(em
Procedures to take into account special situations, such as inter\(hyISC
circuit groups, circuit multiplication systems,\ etc.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBTransmission system failure planning\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
4.1
The impact on service of the failure of an international
transmission system will depend on a number of variables:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\(em
the size of the failed transmission system and its
relationship to the total network capacity;
.LP
\(em
its loading (the number of channels that are assigned for
use) (this may change frequently);
.LP
\(em
the destinations and/or services assigned to the transmission system
and their relationship to their respective totals (this may
change frequently);
.LP
\(em
the traffic intensity during the period from the onset of a failure until
restoration or repair (this can vary significantly);
.LP
\(em
the duration of the failure (this is usually unpredictable);
.LP
\(em
the availability of
restoration capacity
(this
can vary).
.PP
Thus, it can be seen that it is difficult, if not impossible, to predict
the precise impact on service of a failure at a given point in time.
However, recognizing the increasing size and loading of modern transmission
systems, the impact of a failure on service can often be severe, and as a
result, significant effort has been expended by Administrations to develop
and refine transmission system failure restoration plans.
.PP
Experience has shown that network management actions can also play a significant
role in minimizing the adverse impact of failures on service.
However, it should be noted that these network management actions will
usually complement or enhance a transmission failure restoration plan and
do not
necessarily supplant the need for such plans. For short duration failures,
e.g.,\ solar interference on satellites, network management plans may be the
only viable solution.
.RT
.LP
.PP
4.2
When an international transmission system fails, network
management and transmission restoration activities should proceed in parallel
on a coordinated basis.
.LP
\(em
The network management centre will become aware of the
impact of a failure on service via its network surveillance capacity;
in some cases, this will occur before the specific details of the
failure are known. The network management centre can identify the
affected routes, destinations and/or services. This information
will guide the application of network management controls and may
also be useful to the restoration control point (Recommendation\ M.725)
in setting priorities for restoration.
.LP
\(em
The first response of the network management centre should be to consider
the use of temporary alternative routings in order to
complete traffic which is being blocked by the failure. In many
cases, these actions can begin immediately, before the decision
is made to activate a transmission restoration plan.
.LP
\(em
If significant congestion continues despite the expansive
controls, protective controls should be considered. Emphasis
should be placed on the identification of destinations that are
hard\(hyto\(hyreach and the selective reduction of traffic to these
points so that the remaining network can be used by traffic with
a higher probability of success.
.PP
4.3
It is recommended that a network management plan for the
failure of a major international transmission system should include the
following, as appropriate:
.LP
\(em
identification of destinations or points affected for
originating and terminating traffic,
.LP
\(em
temporary alternative routings which may be utilized to
bypass the failure, and hours of availability,
.LP
\(em
notification lists,
.LP
\(em
special call handling procedures for operators,
.LP
\(em
controls which may be required in connected networks,
.LP
\(em
controls to be requested of distant network management
centres,
.LP
\(em
actions to be taken after fault correction to restore the
network to its normal configuration,
.LP
\(em
special
recorded announcements
to customers, when
necessary.
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBInternational \fR \fBexchange failure planning\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
5.1
The impact on service of the failure of an international
exchange will depend on a number of variables, which include:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\(em
whether there is a single or multiple international
exchange(s),
.LP
\(em
the routing plan and the distribution of circuit groups among the international
exchanges,
.LP
\(em
the traffic intensity during the failure,
.LP
\(em
the duration of the failure,
.LP
\(em
the size (capacity) and the current loading of the failed
exchange, and its relationship to the total international switching
capacity.
.LP
.PP
In any case, the failure of an international exchange usually will have
a severe impact on service. Network management exchange failure plans can
provide considerable benefits during the failure by limiting the spread
of
congestion to connected exchanges and providing alternative ways of routing
traffic to bypass the failed exchange.
.PP
5.2
It is recommended that a network management exchange failure
plan should include the following information, as appropriate:
.LP
\(em
general information about the exchange and its function in
the network, including diagrams of the normal network configuration
and the reconfigured network during a failure,
.LP
\(em
actions to be taken to verify a total failure of an exchange to differentiate
it from certain fault recovery actions in SPC
exchanges which may, at first, appear similar,
.LP
\(em
notification lists,
.LP
\(em
initial control actions to be taken upon verification of
exchange failure,
.LP
\(em
additional control actions to be taken based on the prognosis of the failure,
.LP
\(em
controls to be applied within the national network,
.LP
\(em
controls to be requested of distant network management
centres,
.LP
\(em
modifications which may be required to automatic controls,
.LP
\(em
sequence of control removal when the exchange is restored to normal operation.
.PP
5.3
It is recommended that network management exchange failure
plans be reviewed and up\(hydated whenever a significant change in network
configuration occurs, or at least annually. A network management exchange
failure plan should be prepared for a new international exchange before
it is introduced into the network.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB6\fR \fBCommon channel signalling (CCS)\fR \fBfailure planning\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
6.1
When a failure in the common channel signalling system
interrupts the flow of traffic, the affected traffic may be diverted by
network management controls to other unaffected circuits groups. It is
preferable that these actions be planned in advance. These plans should
identify the
modifications to the automatic CCS flow control responses which may be
required in the exchanges to permit the planned actions to be taken [for
example, to
change the normal programmed response to the receipt of a transfer prohibited
signal (TFP)].
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
6.2
It should be noted that, as more of the international network
converts to common channel signalling, the availability of potential
alternative routings may become limited, which will increase the need for
careful planning.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB7\fR \fBMass\(hycalling planning\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
7.1
Uncontrolled mass\(hycalling has the potential to seriously
disrupt calling in the network. However, with proper planning, the adverse
effects of many mass\(hycalling situations may be minimized. The key to
success is advance warning and interdepartmental cooperation and planning.
.bp
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This requires that the Administration be alert to potential
mass\(hycalling situations so that the proposed use of the network can be
evaluated in advance to determine the potential for congestion. When congestion
appears likely, alternative serving arrangements may be proposed, which
may
include the use of network management controls.
.PP
7.2
With widespread availability of call\(hygapping controls (see
Recommendation E.412), certain mass\(hycalling applications may be provided
without harm to the network. The call\(hygap controls can be set at each
exchange to limit outgoing calls to only the amount necessary to keep the
called lines filled. It must be noted, however, that no mass\(hycalling
control strategy can
.LP
prevent originating congestion and dial tone delays in local exchanges if a
large number of customers simultaneously attempt to dial a service or specific
number.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB8\fR \fBDisasters\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Disasters can be natural (for example, a typhoon, an earthquake)
or man\(hymade (an airplane or railroad accident). These
events can result in either damage to network facilities or in an
extraordinary number of calls, or both. While it is difficult to predict
such a disaster, the effects of a disaster on the telephone network can
be predicted with some degree of accuracy and plans developed accordingly.
These plans
should include:
.RT
.LP
\(em
contact and notification lists,
.LP
\(em
control actions required locally and/or in other
Administrations,
.LP
\(em
arrangements for additional staffing and extended hours of
operation.
.PP
(See Recommendation E.411, \(sc 6.5.)
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB9\fR \fBPlanning for the \fR \fBintroduction of new services\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The introduction of new services in the network may result in new or unusual
traffic flow characteristics, and/or unusual traffic demand,
particularly when there is strong initial interest in the new service.
Therefore, the potential impact on the network of a new service should be
evaluated to identify where congestion or deteriorated service might occur,
and to identify what special network management surveillance and control
capabilities may be required. It is important that this analysis take place
well in advance of the planned service availability date, so that the necessary
modifications to the exchange and/or network management operations system
software can be completed in a timely manner. This will help to insure
that the necessary surveillance and control capabilities will be available
when the new service is introduced.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB10\fR \fBNegotiation and coordination\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
10.1
Administrations should exchange information concerning their
network management capabilities as part of the network management planning
process. Specific plans should be negotiated in advance on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, as appropriate. Negotiation in advance will allow time
to fully consider all aspects of a proposed plan and to resolve areas of
concern, and will permit prompt activation when needed.
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
.PP
10.2
The use of any network management plan must be coordinated with
the involved Administrations at the time of implementation. This will include
(as appropriate):
.LP
\(em
determining that planned transit exchange(s) have switching capacity
to handle the additional traffic,
.LP
\(em
determining that there is capacity in the circuit group(s)
between the planned transit point and the destination,
.LP
\(em
advising the transit Administration(s) that transit traffic will be present
in its circuit groups and exchanges,
.LP
\(em
arranging for the activation of controls at distant
locations,
.LP
\(em
arranging for surveillance of the plan while in effect to
determine the need to modify the plan.
.PP
When the use of a plan is no longer required, all involved
Administrations should be notified of its discontinuance, so that the network
can be restored to its normal configuration.
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation E.414\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERNATIONAL\ NETWORK\ MANAGEMENT\ \(em\ ORGANIZATION\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.414''
.OF '''Fascicle\ II.3\ \(em\ Rec.\ E.414 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBIntroduction\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The required high degree of cooperation and coordination in
international network management can best be achieved by efficient and
effective interworking between international network management organizations
in the various countries. This Recommendation specifies the organizational
elements necessary for this purpose, and outlines the functions and
responsibilities of each element.
.PP
Only those organizational elements vital to the network management
development, planning, implementation and control of the international
network are dealt with in the Recommendation. It is recognized that other
functions must necessarily be carried out within the network management
organization, either in support of the functions specified below or in
connection with the management of the national network.
.PP
It is also recognized that Administrations may not wish to assign each
element to a separate staff or create a separate organization. Administrations
are, therefore, afforded the freedom to organize such functions in a manner
which best suits their own situation and the level of development of
network management.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBInternational network management \(em organization\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
2.1
As far as international cooperation and coordination are
concerned, network management should be based on an organization comprising
the following elements, all of which should exist in each country practicing
international network management:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
a)
network management planning and liaison;
.LP
b)
network management implementation and control;
.LP
c)
network management development.
.PP
Each element represents a set of functions and reponsibilities,
and are further defined in \(sc\(sc\ 3 to\ 5.
.LP
.PP
2.2
At the discretion of the Administration concerned, the elements
defined in \(sc\(sc\ 3 to\ 5 below can be grouped together in a single
organizational entity, for example, an
International Network Management
Centre
.
This is likely to be the most convenient and efficient approach where the
level of development and degree of practice of network management is high.
Where
such an approach is not possible, or is impractical, international network
management functions could be carried out at locations where related activities
are performed. \(sc\ 6 offers specific guidance on the relationship between
network management and network maintenance, and includes consideration
for the possible combining of organizational elements involved in the two
fields of activity.
.PP
2.3
Irrespective of which arrangement an Administration
decides for its international network management organization, it must
ensure that the functions and responsibilities of a particular organizational
element are not divided between two separate locations. Administrations
can
then issue a list of contact point information (see \(sc\ 7 for guidance) which
will give telephone, telex numbers, service hours\ etc. for each element.
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBNetwork management planning and liaison\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
3.1
Network management planning and liaison is an element within
the international network management organization. It is concerned
with liaising with other Administrations to develop plans to cater for
unforeseen high traffic levels and any other situation likely to adversely
affect the completion of international calls.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
3.2
Network management planning and liaison is responsible for the
following set of functions:
.LP
a)
liaising with similar points in other Administrations to
determine the actions necessary to overcome unforeseen high traffic levels
and other situations adversely affecting the completion of international
calls;
.LP
b)
producing plans to cater for the abnormal traffic levels
produced by foreseen national and international events;
.LP
c)
liaising with the restoration liaison officer (RLO) within the Administration
concerning network management plans for failures and planned outages;
.bp
.LP
d)
liaising with similar points in other Administrations to
establish the required actions when plans to overcome abnormal situations
cannot be implemented;
.LP
e)
ensuring that the facilities and network management controls required
for the rapid implementation of agreed plans are available and ready for
use when required.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBNetwork management implementation and control\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
4.1
Network management implementation and control is an element
within the international network management organization. It is
concerned with monitoring the performance and status of the network in real
time, determining the need for network management action, and, when necessary,
implementing and controlling such action.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
4.2
Network management implementation and control is responsible
for the following set of functions:
.LP
a)
monitoring the status and performance of the network;
.LP
b)
collecting and analysing network status and performance
data;
.LP
c)
determining the need for the control of traffic as
indicated by one or more of the following conditions:
.LP
\(em
the failure or planned outage of an international or
national transmission system,
.LP
\(em
the failure or planned outage of an international or
national exchange,
.LP
\(em
congestion in an international exchange,
.LP
\(em
congestion in a distant network,
.LP
\(em
congestion to an international destination,
.LP
\(em
heavy traffic caused by an unusual
situation;
.LP
d)
applying or arranging for network management control action, as described
in Recommendation\ E.411, and Recommendation\ E.412;
.LP
e)
liaising and cooperating with similar points in other
Administrations in the application of network management controls;
.LP
f
)
liaising with the
fault report point
(network)
.FS
The
fault report point (network) is a functional element in the general maintenance
organization (see Recommendation\ M.716).
.FE
within the Administration concerning the exchange of information available
at either point;
.LP
g)
liaising with the
restoration control point
.FS
The restoration control point is a functional element in the general maintenance
organization (see Recommendation\ M.725).
.FE
within the Administration
concerning failures and planned outages;
.LP
h)
disseminating information as appropriate within its own
Administration concerning network management actions which have been
taken.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBNetwork management development\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
5.1
Network management development is an element within
the international network management organization. It is concerned
with the development and introduction of techniques and facilities for the
purpose of network management surveillance and control at the international
level, although it may also have similar responsibilities for the national
network.
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5.2
Network management development is responsible for the
following set of functions:
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a)
developing facilities to enable the application of current
network management techniques;
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b)
long range planning for the coordinated introduction of new
network management techniques and improved network surveillance and controls;
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c)
evaluating the effectiveness of current plans, controls and
strategies with a view to identifying the need for improved controls, control
strategies and support systems, particularly those which may be required
for
new services and the ISDN.
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\fB6\fR \fBCooperation and coordination between network management and
network maintenance organizations\fR
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Considerable benefit may be obtained by close cooperation and
coordination between the network management organization identified in this
Recommendation and the network maintenance organization identified in the
M.700 series of Recommendations. For example, reports of network difficulties
received by the fault report point (network) in the maintenance organization
may assist the network management implementation and control point in
refining its control action. Similarly, difficulties reported to the fault
report point (network) may be explained by information already available
to the network management implementation and control point. For this reason,
and to
take into account the particular operating situation and stage of development
of network management within an Administration, some of the functional
elements identified in this Recommendation may be located with one of the
groupings of functional elements of the network maintenance organization
as outlined in
Recommendation\ M.710.
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Where it is advantageous to create a separate international
management centre containing the elements defined above, care should be
taken to ensure that suitable liaison and information flows occur between
such a
centre and the network maintenance organization.
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\fB7\fR \fBExchange of contact point information\fR
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For each of the three organizational elements in \(sc\(sc\ 3 to\ 5 above,
Administrations should exchange contact point information. Network management
contact points should be exchanged as part of the general exchange of contact
point information as specified in Recommendation\ M.93.
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